No other art form is more closely engaged with representations of time than music. This fact makes music particularly relevant to investigations into connections between changing semantics of historical time and the exercise of power. With a focus on Europe in the long nineteenth century, the article examines these connections from the period associated with enlightened absolutism to the emerging age of extremes. During this period, whenever the experience of the past no longer helped people to make sense of the present, new aesthetic forms were needed to articulate their changing experience of historical time. From this constantly shifting relationship between past and future, between continuity and change, music emerges as a direct response to the experience of time.